Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers, affecting millions each year. In Pakistan alone, approximately 90,000 new cases are diagnosed, with 40,000 deaths due to late detection. However, the good news is that early diagnosis can increase survival rates to 90%, highlighting the importance of awareness and timely screening.
Therefore, understanding the symptoms of breast cancer, its causes, types, and preventive strategies is crucial for effective treatment. This guide provides essential insights into early detection, self-examination, and natural support strategies, including supplements and herbs that may promote breast health.
Let’s get started by understanding what breast cancer is and how it develops!
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer, also known as malignant neoplasm of the breast, is a disease in which abnormal breast cells grow uncontrollably, forming a lump or tumor. These abnormal cancer cells develop inside the milk ducts and lobules of the breast, may spread to other body parts, and can become fatal. The spread of cancer cells from the breast to other parts of the body is known as metastasis.
Breast Cancer Types
There are different types and subtypes of malignant neoplasm of the breast. Healthcare providers advise personalized and effective treatment plans based on the type of breast cancer, aiming to minimize side effects.
Common Types of Breast Cancer
1. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): It is the most common type of invasive breast cancer, where abnormal cells develop in the milk ducts, spread beyond the duct walls, and invade surrounding areas of the breast.
2. Lobular Carcinoma (LC): Originating in the milk-producing lobules, this is the second most common type of breast cancer, which can be invasive or noninvasive.
3. Ductal Carcinoma (DCIS): As the name suggests, ductal carcinoma starts and remains within the lining of milk ducts and does not spread into the surrounding breast tissue. While it is considered early-stage breast cancer, it requires treatment to prevent progression to invasive cancer.
Less Common Types
1. Triple-negative breast Cancer (TNBC): An aggressive type that lacks estrogen, HER2 receptors, and progesterone receptors and grows and spreads faster – making it difficult to treat.
2. Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): It is a rare, aggressive, and invasive breast cancer that blocks lymph vessels, causing swelling, redness, and a rash-like appearance. It can go undetected due to its unique symptoms.
3. Paget’s Disease of the Breast: This type affects the skin of the nipple and areola, often appearing as a scaly and red rash. It may cause itching, burning, and discharge from the nipple and a flattened inverted nipple.
4. Metaplastic Breast Cancer (MBC): MBC is a rare variant of breast cancer that differs from typical types by containing both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. Its aggressive and unique nature makes this type of cancer more resistant to standard treatments.
Breast Cancer Subtypes
Breast cancer is further classified into subtypes based on the presence of hormone receptors and certain proteins, for instance:
1. ER-Positive (ER+) – a subtype of breast cancer where the cells have estrogen receptors.
2. PR-Positive (PR+) – a subtype of breast cancer that contains progesterone receptors.
3. HR-Positive (HR+) – subtype that contains receptors for both estrogen and progesterone, making them responsive to hormone therapy.
4. HR-Negative (HR-) – a subtype that contains no receptors and does not respond to hormone therapy, requiring chemotherapy or targeted treatments.
5. HER2-Positive (HER2+) – a subtype with higher levels of HER2 protein, fueling cell growth and responding well to targeted therapies.
Understanding these types of malignant neoplasms of the breast provides valuable information for making informed and effective treatment decisions.
Symptoms and Causes
Breast Cancer Symptoms
Breast cancer may not have any noticeable symptoms at early stages; however, they can be observed during a routine mammogram or examination. Breast cancer can have various symptoms and vary in each case.
The most common symptoms of breast cancer are:
1. Breast lumps are a mass of cells that may be as small as a pea. If you notice a new or existing lump in the breast or underarm, especially one that feels hard or does not cause pain, you should consult your healthcare provider.
2. Pain in the breast or armpit that does not go away or is not related to the menstrual cycle should be checked by a healthcare provider.
3. Skin changes caused by breast cancer may include redness, dimpling, flakiness, thickened skin, or an appearance resembling orange peel. If you notice any changes, such as swelling, warmth, or discoloration, it is important to seek medical attention.
4. Fluid discharge from the nipple, whether blood-stained or clear, may be a symptom of breast cancer and should be assessed by a healthcare provider.
Breast Cancer Causes
Breast cancer is about 100 times more common in women, affecting approximately 99% of women and 1% of men. Factors that may increase the risk of breast cancer include:
1. Family history of breast cancer
2. Genetic mutation
3. Early menstruation or late menopause
4. Not having children or having a first child later in life
5. Being obese or overweight
6. Exposure to radiation in the chest area
One of the most common concerns is “What is the first symptom of breast cancer?” The most common first symptom of breast cancer is the formation of a new lump or thickening in the breast, which may feel different from the surrounding tissue. Since early detection through self-examination, mammograms, and medical checkups can help with timely identification, improving treatment outcomes.
How to Perform a Breast Self-Examination
Regular breast self-examination helps early detection of any unusual changes. Women above 20 should examine their breasts monthly, one week after their menstrual period ends, because hormonal fluctuations during periods may cause temporary changes like swelling or tenderness. While self-examining, pregnant women should keep in mind that their breasts may feel firm due to breast-feeding preparation.
A regular examination makes it easier to identify any changes or abnormalities and enables you to consult a healthcare provider timely. Here are the simple ways to self-examine your breast:
1. Visual Checking in the Mirror: Stand in front of the mirror with your hands raised above your head and press them together. Observe any abnormal changes in shape and appearance, such as dimpling, swelling, or nipple changes. Repeat this process while keeping your hands on your hips and applying pressure.
2. Manual Checking While Standing: Raise one arm and examine with your other hand, starting from the outer edges towards the nipple. Look for any hard or immobile area between the nipple and armpit. Do the same for the other side.
3. Manual Check While Lying Down: Lying flat makes lump detection easier. Repeat the manual check discussed above and gently squeeze each side from edges to nipples for any lump and abnormal discharge, such as blood or watery fluid.
Medical Checkups and Diagnosis
The American Cancer Society advises women between 20 and 39 to have a clinical breast checkup every 1 to 3 years. After 40, the annual examination is recommended as early detection can improve treatment outcomes. Additionally, this routine checkup is recommended for both men and women, as breast cancer can also affect men.
Breast cancer diagnosis involves a physical examination and imaging tests like mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs to detect abnormalities. A biopsy is performed for confirmation, while additional tests like immunohistochemistry and genetic screening help determine hormone receptor status and genetic mutations.
Breast Cancer Stages and Treatment
Breast cancer stages range between 0 to IV, depending on tumor size, location, and spread. Stage 0 is noninvasive, while stage I shows localized cancer in nearby tissues. Stages II and III indicate tumor growth with possible lymph node involvement. Stage IV is metastatic, indicating cancer has spread to distant organs like bones, liver, or lungs.
The treatment varies for each stage and type of cancer but often includes surgery such as mastectomy, lumpectomy, or breast reconstruction. Other treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy.
Important Questions to Ask: Breast Cancer & Treatment
Many people are unaware of the critical aspects of breast cancer, but having the right information helps in making informed decisions about care and recovery. Here are some questions that you can ask your doctor to gain clarity about your condition.
1. What are tumor stage, grade, and size?
2. What type of breast cancer is present, and what treatment options are available?
3. What are the potential side effects of the recommended treatment?
4. How will treatment affect daily life, fertility, and overall health?
5. What is HER2 status, and is surgery necessary?
6. What are the chances of cancer returning, and how it can be monitored?
7. Can taking supplements, including multivitamins and minerals, help support overall health during and after treatment?
Breast Cancer Survival Rates: How Long Can a Patient Live
Research shows that survival rates depend on several factors, such as early detection, cancer stage, and treatment effectiveness. According to the American Cancer Society (2024-2025), the 5-year survival rate for breast cancer is 91%, gradually declining to 86% at 10 years and 81% at 15 years post-diagnosis. For cases detected at an early, localized stage, the 5-year survival rate reaches approximately 99%.
Breast Cancer Prevention and Support: Key Supplements and Their Benefits
Here are the supplements that may support breast health by improving immunity, balancing hormones, and reducing the risk of breast cancer.
| Category | Supplements | Key Benefits |
|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant Protection | Multivitamins, Coenzyme Q10, Selenium, Vitamin C & E, Pycnogenol | Neutralizes free radicals, prevents cancer cell formation, and supports immunity. |
| Immune Support | Colostrum, Garlic, Germanium, Maitake | Boosts immune response, supports healing, and fights infections. |
| Hormonal Regulation | Melatonin, Essential Fatty Acids (Flaxseeds, Borage oil) | Regulates hormones and blocks estrogen receptor sites in cancer cells. |
| Cellular Repair & Protection | Dimethylglycine (DMG), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) | Improves oxygenation and protects against abnormal cell growth. |
| Nutritional Balance | Multivitamins & minerals (Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Zinc) | Supports overall health, strengthens immunity, and balances nutrients. |
| Digestive Health | Proteolytic enzymes, Acidophilus, L-Carnitine | Supports digestion, improves nutrient absorption, and reduces inflammation. |
Taking a multivitamin and multimineral can help support overall health during and after breast cancer treatment by addressing nutrient deficiencies and promoting overall health.
Herbs for Breast Health: Benefits and Precautions
Some herbs, along with supplements that contain multivitamins and minerals, may also support breast health by enhancing immune function, balancing hormones, promoting detoxification, and reducing inflammation, but they should be used with medical guidance.
| Herbs | Benefits | Cautions |
|---|---|---|
| Astragalus | Boosts immune function and fights infections. | Use in cycles of 7 to 10 days, and avoid if you have a fever. |
| Echinacea | Improves immunity. | Avoid using if allergic to ragweed. Use for three months only. |
| Garlic | Strengthens the immune system and contains anti-cancer properties. | Generally safe, consult a doctor if taking blood thinners. |
| Black Cohosh | Contains phytoestrogens that help balance estrogen levels. | Avoid during pregnancy or if you have liver disease or a chronic condition. |
| Chasteberry | Regulates hormones and menstrual cycle. | Generally safe but should be taken in moderate quantity. |
| Red Clover | Helps with menopausal symptoms and balances estrogen levels. | Effects on breast cancer risk are debated; consult a healthcare provider. |
| Turmeric Curcumin | A powerful anti-inflammatory that protects against cell damage. | No major cautions, but excessive use may cause digestive discomfort. |
| Rosemary Extract | Assists in estrogen detoxification, which may reduce breast cancer risk. | Generally safe; consult a healthcare provider for prolonged use. |
| Milk Thistle | Supports liver detoxification and removes toxins from the body. | Generally safe but should be taken under medical supervision. |
| Dandelion Root | Aids liver function and helps cleanse the bloodstream. | Generally safe; consult a doctor for long-term use. |
| Burdock Root | Helps detoxify the body and cleanse the liver. | No major cautions, but it should be used in moderation. |
| Sulforaphane (Broccoli Sprouts) | Stimulates natural detoxification processes and eliminates harmful estrogens. | Generally safe but should be taken under medical guidance. |
| Green Tea Extracts | Rich in antioxidants, may reduce estrogen-driven breast cancer risk. | Contains vitamin K, which may interfere with blood thinners; high caffeine intake may cause insomnia or anxiety. |
| Lycopene (Tomatoes & Watermelon) | A powerful antioxidant that may lower breast cancer risk. | Generally safe; best consumed through natural sources. |
| Ginkgo Biloba | Enhances circulation and brain function. | Avoid if you have a bleeding disorder or before surgery. |
| Licorice Root | Supports organ function and aids hormonal balance. | Avoid during pregnancy or if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes. |
| Silymarin (Milk Thistle Extract) | Shows potential in breast cancer prevention and supports liver health. | Supports liver health; should be used under medical supervision. |
How to Avoid Breast Cancer
While breast cancer cannot always be completely prevented, certain lifestyle changes can help lower the risks. Here are some key steps to consider:
1. Maintaining a healthy weight, especially after menopause, may reduce the risks of breast cancer. A balanced diet and regular exercise can help manage weight.
2. Staying physically active and engaging in exercises like walking, jogging, cycling, or strength training are beneficial.
3. Eating a nutritious diet, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, supports overall health.
4. Limiting alcohol consumption can help reduce breast cancer risks. Even small amounts of alcohol can increase the risk of cancer.
5. Giving up smoking improves overall health and reduces cancer risks, as tobacco is linked to various cancers.
6. Following hormone replacement therapy in the long term may increase breast cancer risk. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration under medical supervision if necessary.
7. Breastfeeding for several months may lower breast cancer risk, as it regulates hormone levels and reduces lifetime exposure to estrogen.
8. Knowing your family history is important, as a family history of breast cancer may increase the risk.
9. Getting routine checkups and performing self-exams are essential for early detection. Report any lumps, pain, skin changes, or nipple discharge to your healthcare provider.
10. Limiting unnecessary radiation exposure and environmental toxins and avoiding harmful chemicals in food, such as plastics and cosmetics, may help lower risks.
11. Maintaining a healthy diet rich in multivitamins and minerals can support overall breast health.
To Sum Up
Breast cancer awareness and early detection are crucial in improving survival rates and treatment outcomes. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, regular screening, and knowing personal risk factors can help prevent breast cancer. Prioritizing early diagnosis and medical guidance ensures better management and overall well-being.
References:
1. https://www.emro.who.int/pak/pakistan-events/breast-cancer-awareness-event.html
2. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
5. https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-cancer-facts/
